{"id":202164,"date":"2025-02-12T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-12T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.eu\/campus\/uncategorized\/what-does-us-government-debt-mean-for-investors\/"},"modified":"2025-02-13T10:31:23","modified_gmt":"2025-02-13T10:31:23","slug":"what-does-us-government-debt-mean-for-investors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.eu\/campus\/traders-insight\/what-does-us-government-debt-mean-for-investors\/","title":{"rendered":"What does US government debt mean for investors?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Key takeaways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Debt not a disaster<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

While the US national debt exceeds $36 trillion, it isn’t necessarily a problem for investors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Good creditor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The US has more assets than liabilities,1<\/a><\/sup> and much of its debt is domestically owned.2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Captive audience<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Investors probably won’t lose their appetite for US Treasuries, which have been among the safest, most liquid assets in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The US national debt<\/a> is growing quickly, but is it really a problem? Federal debt blew past $36 trillion recently, a six-fold increase in the 21st century alone. It\u2019s now more than 120% of the country\u2019s gross domestic product.3<\/sup> But big numbers, while eye-catching, may not point to a potential disaster or even a problem for investors. For many reasons, a day of reckoning isn\u2019t necessarily approaching. The debt\u2019s reality for investors and Americans in general differs from public perception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Large deficits typically resulted from recessions and crises<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In most years and across most administrations, the US government has spent more than it\u2019s received in taxes, resulting in deficits. These deficits have tended to be significantly larger following recessions and crises. That\u2019s when tax receipts decline and the government spends to stabilize the economy. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the 2020 pandemic resulted in unusually large deficits, which subsequently declined as the crises eased.4<\/sup><\/a> It could be argued that the ability of the US government to borrow money and support its citizens during crises prevented economic downturns from becoming even more severe and long-lasting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

US Treasury annual deficit or surplus (% of nominal GDP)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Combination chart with 2 data series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sources: US Treasury and National Bureau of Economic Research, 12\/31\/24. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a broad indicator of a region\u2019s economic activity, measuring the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced in that region over a specified time period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

US Treasury annual deficit or surplus (% of nominal GDP)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"US<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sources: US Treasury and National Bureau of Economic Research, 12\/31\/24. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a broad indicator of a region\u2019s economic activity, measuring the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced in that region over a specified time period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

End of interactive chart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Past performance is not indicative of future results<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Concern about national debt may depend on the metric used<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The more than $36 trillion current US debt is greater than the $29 trillion US nominal gross domestic product (GDP).5<\/a><\/sup> Is GDP, the total value produced each year, the right metric for assessing the sustainability of US debt? The US is a very wealthy country. For example, the total US household net worth is over $160 trillion, which is close to five times the size of the nation\u2019s debt.5<\/a><\/sup> From that lens, the debt level may not seem as troubling. It may be one reason why markets generally view the nation as a good creditor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Level of concern may depend on which metric you compare the debt to<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"US<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"US<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sources: US Treasury, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, and US Federal Reserve, 12\/31\/2024. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a broad indicator of a region\u2019s economic activity, measuring the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced in that region over a specified time period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Past performance is not indicative of future results<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The US is a good credit risk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

With $36 trillion in liabilities and $200+ trillion in assets, the US federal government has far more assets than many realize.1<\/a><\/sup> Rather than measuring debt as a percentage of GDP, which is primarily an income measure, measuring debt against total assets paints a far more solvent picture. If all the US government land, buildings, and natural resources were combined, the country would likely have more than $200 trillion in assets. While not all are liquid, they certainly paint the US as a much better creditor than many would believe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

US debt has a captive audience<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Given that Treasuries are one of the safest and most liquid assets in the world, it\u2019s unlikely investors will lose their appetite for US debt. The federal government owns 20% of US debt, making it the largest single holder.2<\/a><\/sup> Since this debt is just money the government owes itself, however, it has no effect on overall government finances. More than 45% of US debt is owned by US savers, pensions, mutual funds, and financial institutions, who hold Treasuries for safety, yield, policy requirements, or regulatory reasons.2<\/a><\/sup> While it\u2019s true that more than 20% of US debt is held abroad, it\u2019s not heavily concentrated in one country. The largest foreign investor is Japan, where yields are historically lower than they are in the US. 2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

China\u2019s US debt exposure has declined without incident<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

China is the second largest foreign owner of US debt, but should this concern investors in light of geopolitical tension? Probably not. There\u2019s a notion that China could weaponize US debt by rapidly selling its US Treasury holdings, causing financial instability and a spike in borrowing costs. This risk seems unfounded, as China has been reducing its position in Treasuries for years without disrupting the US debt market.6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Higher interest rates are only a problem if economic growth lags<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The US issues debt for many reasons, and theoretically, borrowed funds are put to productive use by the government. Interest expense (%) is the cost of this borrowing, and conceptually, US GDP growth (%) represents the government\u2019s rate of return. If the rate of return (economic growth) is greater than the borrowing cost (interest expense), the US can pay down its outstanding debt.7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The demographic concern \u2014 baby boomers turning 65 \u2014 ends soon<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Aging baby boomers, one of the largest demographics in the US, were expected to put a financial strain on the country through increased medical costs. This risk hasn\u2019t materialized. Even though a large portion of boomers have reached retirement age, Medicare spending has been much lower than anticipated.8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Social Security isn\u2019t going bankrupt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s true that the Social Security trust fund is expected to be depleted in 10 years.9<\/a><\/sup> That\u2019s not bankruptcy, however, despite what the doomsayers might say. Once the trust fund is depleted, Social Security will pay out based on what\u2019s collected in tax revenue. The interest from the trust fund would no longer be available to pay benefits. Given payouts would then be based solely on tax revenue, it\u2019s possible that retirees could potentially be paid less than their full benefits. The nation\u2019s politicians, however, could always adjust the program (for example, raise the retirement age and increase the taxable maximum, to name a few) to prevent retirees from receiving less than what they\u2019d expected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

—<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Originally Posted February 11, 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What does US government debt mean for investors?<\/a> by Invesco US<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Footnotes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n